The so called
Testimonium Flavianum. This is the only direct discussion
of Jesus to be found in the writings of Josephus. Unfortunately, the
text as we have it in extant copies of Josephus' Antiquities
appears to have been dramatically re-written from a Christian point of
view. (The writings of Josephus were brought down to us from antiquity
not by the Jewish community, but by the Christians). The second column
contains an Arabic quotation of the Josephus passage that has a much
less Christian flavor. Some scholars have argued that the Arabic version
has a more likely claim to originality.
Although
that is a strong possibility, it should be noted that even the Arabic
version is a good deal kinder to Jesus than Josephus usually is to
messianic claimants. In addition it is harder to see why the Christian
scribe would feel so compelled to change it. It is possible that the
original may have been much more insulting, in keeping with Josephus'
normal pattern, and that the Greek and Arabic versions are simply two
different recensions of a Christian rewrite. R. Eisler has made an
effort to reconstruct an 'original' that might have, given Christian
revision, served as a base for the version that survives in Greek. It
is, of course, entirely hypothetical, and no textual evidence exists to
support it, but it does fit in better with Josephus' usual pattern and
language, as well as the general context of the passage.
On the
other hand, it may be possible to 'save' the Arabic version.
Particularly if we remove the last sentence (accordingly ...wonders) as
a pious expansion, we are left with a non-committal report on the
martyrdom at Roman hands of a pious Jew. This would not be at all
inconsistent with Josephus' style, particularly if he discounted as
later followers' embellishments the claims made by Christians that Jesus
was the Messiah. This last suggestion is to some extent crippled by the
less controversial reference in Antiquities 20 if it is
genuine (see below).
Greek Version
Josephus, Antiquities 18.63, probably in a Christian
redaction
Tr. I. H.
Feldman,
Loeb Classical Library, vol. 9, pp. 49ff.
About
this time there lived Jesus, a wise man if indeed one
ought to call him a man. For he was one who wrought surprising feats and
was a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over
many Jews and many
of the Greeks. He was the Messiah.
When Pilate, upon hearing him accused by men of the highest
standing among us, had condemned him to be crucified, those who
had in the first place come to love him did not cease. On the
third day he appeared to them restored to life. For
the prophets
of God had prophesied these and myriads of other marvellous
things about him. And the tribe of
the Christians,
so called after him, has still up to now, not disappeared.
Arabic Version
Arabic
summary, presumably of Antiquities 18.63. From Agapios'
Kitab al-'Unwan
("Book of the Title," 10th c.).
The translation belongs to
Shlomo Pines. See
also James H. Charlesworth, Jesus Within Judaism.
Similarly
Josephus the Hebrew. For he says in the treatises that he has written on
the governance of the Jews: At this time there was a wise man who was called
Jesus. And his conduct was good, and he was known to be virtuous.
And many people from among the
Jews and the other nations became his
disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. And
those who had become his disciples did not abandon his
discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to themafter
his crucifixion and that he was alive; accordingly, he was
perhaps the Messiah concerning whom the
prophets have recounted wonders.
R. Eisler's
Reconstruction
Same
text, in a less complementary modern scholarly reconstruction.
R. Eisler,
The Messiah Jesus,
(tr. A. H. Krappe), 1931, p. 61. Quoted from the Loeb Classical
Library , vol. 9, p. 48.
Now about
this time arose an occasion for new disturbances, a certain
Jesus, a wizard of a man, if indeed he may be called a man,
who was the most monstrous of men, whom his
disciples call a son of God, as having done wonders such as no man has
ever done.... He was in fact a teacher
of astonishing tricks to such men as accept the abnormal with
delight.... And he seduced many Jews and many also of the Greek nation,
and was regarded by them as the Messiah.... And when, on the
indictment of the principal men among us, Pilate had sentenced him to
the cross, still those who before had admired him did not cease to
rave. For it seemed to them that having been dead for three days,
he had appeared to them alive again, as the divinely-inspired prophets
had foretold -- these and ten thousand other wonderful things --
concerning him. And even now the race of those who are called 'Messianists'
after him is not extinct.
The only usually
undisputed allusion to Jesus in Josephus is actually only a passing
reference in the context of the trial of James. James is identified, not
as James son of ???? as one would normally expect but as brother of
Jesus. While this passage is more likely to be authentic than the one
above, it is not without problems. Origen knows and cites this passage,
and is unaware of the 'Testimonium Flavianum' above, providing some
evidence for its presence in the Antiquities before its
Christian reworking. On the other hand, Origen's version contains the
unlikely addition in which Josephus also says that it is as punishment
for the execution of James that Jerusalem and the temple are destroyed.
The possibility suggests itself that even Origen's Josephus has
undergone Christian reworking, simply of a different variety, in which,
perhaps, the insulting Testimonium has been expunged, and James has been
introduced as a pious Jewish hero.