Introduction

Background:

North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border.
 

Geography

Location:

Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia
 

Geographic coordinates:

15 00 N, 48 00 E
 

Map references:

Middle East
 

Area:

total: 527,970 sq km
land: 527,970 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)
 

Area - comparative:

slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming
 

Land boundaries:

total: 1,746 km
border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km
 

Coastline:

1,906 km
 

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
 

Climate:

mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
 

Terrain:

narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula
 

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m
 

Natural resources:

petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
 

Land use:

arable land: 2.78%
permanent crops: 0.24%
other: 96.98% (2001)
 

Irrigated land:

4,900 sq km (1998 est.)
 

Natural hazards:

sandstorms and dust storms in summer
 

Environment - current issues:

very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
 

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
 

Geography - note:

strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
 

People

Population:

20,727,063 (July 2005 est.)
 

Age structure:

0-14 years: 46.5% (male 4,905,831/female 4,727,177)
15-64 years: 50.8% (male 5,364,711/female 5,172,811)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 274,166/female 282,367) (2005 est.)
 

Median age:

total: 16.54 years
male: 16.53 years
female: 16.56 years (2005 est.)
 

Population growth rate:

3.45% (2005 est.)
 

Birth rate:

43.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
 

Death rate:

8.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
 

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
 

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
 

Infant mortality rate:

total: 61.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 66.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 56.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
 

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 61.75 years
male: 59.89 years
female: 63.71 years (2005 est.)
 

Total fertility rate:

6.67 children born/woman (2005 est.)
 

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.1% (2001 est.)
 

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

12,000 (2001 est.)
 

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

NA
 

Nationality:

noun: Yemeni(s)
adjective: Yemeni
 

Ethnic groups:

predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
 

Religions:

Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu
 

Languages:

Arabic
 

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50.2%
male: 70.5%
female: 30% (2003 est.)
 

Government

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
conventional short form: Yemen
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
local short form: Al Yaman
former: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]
 

Government type:

republic
 

Capital:

Sanaa
 

Administrative divisions:

19 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Ad Dali', Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, 'Amran, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz
note: for electoral and administrative purposes, the capital city of Sanaa is treated as an additional governorate
 

Independence:

22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen established with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]); note - previously North Yemen had become independent in November of 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)
 

National holiday:

Unification Day, 22 May (1990)
 

Constitution:

16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
 

Legal system:

based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
 

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal
 

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4 April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a seven-year term (recently extended from a five-year term by constitutional amendment); election last held 23 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najib Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%
 

Legislative branch:

a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats; members appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives (301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held NA April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GPC 228, Islah 47, YSP 7, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Ba'th Party 2, independents 14
 

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court
 

Political parties and leaders:

there are more than 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik al-MAKHLAFI]; National Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]
note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a loyal opposition party, represents the remnants of the former South Yemeni leadership; leaders of the 1994 secessionist movement have been pardoned by President SALIH and some are now returning to Yemen from exile
 

Political pressure groups and leaders:

NA
 

International organization participation:

AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)
 

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band
 

Economy

Economy - overview:

Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, has reported strong growth since 2000, but its economic fortunes depend mostly on oil. Yemen has embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to substantial foreign debt relief and restructuring. Yemen has worked to maintain tight control over spending and to implement additional components of the IMF program, but a high population growth rate and internal political dissension complicate the government's task. Plans include a diversification of the economy, encouragement of tourism, and more efficient use of scarce water resources.
 

GDP:

purchasing power parity - $16.25 billion (2004 est.)
 

GDP - real growth rate:

1.9% (2004 est.)
 

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)
 

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 15.5%
industry: 44.7%
services: 39.7% (2004 est.)
 

Labor force:

5.98 million (2004 est.)
 

Labor force - by occupation:

most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force
 

Unemployment rate:

35% (2003 est.)
 

Population below poverty line:

45.2% (2003)
 

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.9% (2003)
 

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

33.4 (1998)
 

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

12.2% (2004 est.)
 

Investment (gross fixed):

16.1% of GDP (2004 est.)
 

Budget:

revenues: $4.251 billion
expenditures: $4.568 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)
 

Public debt:

46.4% of GDP (2004 est.)
 

Agriculture - products:

grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton; dairy products, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), poultry; fish
 

Industries:

crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cement; commercial ship repair
 

Industrial production growth rate:

3% (2003 est.)
 

Electricity - production:

3.04 billion kWh (2002 est.)
 

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
 

Electricity - consumption:

2.827 billion kWh (2002 est.)
 

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2002)
 

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2002)
 

Oil - production:

417,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)
 

Oil - consumption:

78,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)
 

Oil - exports:

370,300 bbl/day (2003)
 

Oil - imports:

NA
 

Oil - proved reserves:

4 billion bbl (2004 est.)
 

Natural gas - production:

0 cu m (2003 est.)
 

Natural gas - consumption:

0 cu m (2003 est.)
 

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2003 est.)
 

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2003 est.)
 

Natural gas - proved reserves:

480 billion cu m (2004)
 

Current account balance:

$369.9 million (2004 est.)
 

Exports:

$4.468 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
 

Exports - commodities:

crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish
 

Exports - partners:

China 33.5%, Thailand 31.4%, Singapore 7.2%, South Korea 6.1% (2004)
 

Imports:

$3.734 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
 

Imports - commodities:

food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
 

Imports - partners:

UAE 12.8%, Saudi Arabia 10.2%, China 9%, France 7.9%, Kuwait 4.4%, US 4.4%, India 4.3%, Turkey 4.1% (2004)
 

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$5.3 billion (2004 est.)
 

Debt - external:

$5.4 billion (2004 est.)
 

Currency (code):

Yemeni rial (YER)
 

Currency code:

YER
 

Exchange rates:

Yemeni rials per US dollar - 184.78 (2004), 183.45 (2003), 175.63 (2002), 168.67 (2001), 161.72 (2000)
 

Fiscal year:

calendar year
 

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:

542,200 (2002)
 

Telephones - mobile cellular:

411,100 (2002)
 

Telephone system:

general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network
domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone systems
international: country code - 967; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti
 

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)
 

Radios:

1.05 million (1997)
 

Television broadcast stations:

7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)
 

Televisions:

470,000 (1997)
 

Internet country code:

.ye
 

Internet hosts:

138 (2004)
 

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

1 (2000)
 

Internet users:

100,000 (2002)
 

Transportation

Highways:

total: 67,000 km
paved: 7,705 km
unpaved: 59,295 km (1999 est.)
 

Pipelines:

gas 88 km; oil 1,174 km (2004)
 

Ports and harbors:

Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, As Salif, Ras Issa, Mocha, Nishtun
 

Merchant marine:

total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 19,766 GRT/24,794 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 2 (2005)
 

Airports:

44 (2004 est.)
 

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 16
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
 

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 28
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)
 

Military

Military branches:

Army (includes Special Forces), Naval Forces and Coastal Defenses (includes Marines), Air Force (includes Air Defense Forces), Republican Guard (2002)
 

Military manpower - military age and obligation:

18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)
 

Military manpower - availability:

males age 18-49: 4,058,223 (2005 est.)
 

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 18-49: 2,790,705 (2005 est.)
 

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

males: 236,517 (2005 est.)
 

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$885.5 million (2003)
 

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

7.8% (2003)
 

Military note:

a Coast Guard was established in 2002
 

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:

Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; despite resistance from nomadic groups, the demarcation of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under the 2000 Jeddah Treaty is almost complete; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in sections of the boundary
 

Refugees and internally displaced persons::

refugees (country of origin): 60,901 (Somalia) (2004)