Panama

Introduction
Background:	With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. On 7 September 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of 1999. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the intervening years. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama by or on 31 December 1999.
Geography
Location:	Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica
Geographic coordinates:	9 00 N, 80 00 W
Map references:	Central America and the Caribbean
Area:	total: 78,200 sq km land: 75,990 sq km water: 2,210 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries:	total: 555 km border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km
Coastline:	2,490 km
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:	tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Terrain:	interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Volcan de Chiriqui 3,475 m
Natural resources:	copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
Land use:	arable land: 7.36% permanent crops: 1.98% other: 90.66% (2001)
Irrigated land:	320 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area
Environment - current issues:	water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:	strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
People
Population:	3,039,150 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 29.8% (male 460,840/female 443,359) 15-64 years: 63.9% (male 984,558/female 956,748) 65 years and over: 6.4% (male 91,383/female 102,262) (2005 est.)
Median age:	total: 26.18 years male: 25.89 years female: 26.48 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:	1.26% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:	19.96 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:	6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:	-0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 20.47 deaths/1,000 live births male: 22.59 deaths/1,000 live births female: 18.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 71.94 years male: 69.67 years female: 74.31 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:	2.45 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.9% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	16,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	less than 500 (2003 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Panamanian(s) adjective: Panamanian
Ethnic groups:	mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Religions:	Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%
Languages:	Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 92.6% male: 93.2% female: 91.9% (2003 est.)
Government
Country name:	conventional long form: Republic of Panama conventional short form: Panama local long form: Republica de Panama local short form: Panama
Government type:	constitutional democracy
Capital:	Panama
Administrative divisions:	9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*(Kuna Yala), and Veraguas
Independence:	3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November 1821)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
Constitution:	11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004
Legal system:	based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:	chief of state: President Martin TORRIJOS Espino (since 1 September 2004); First Vice President Samuel LEWIS Navarro (since 1 September 2004); Second Vice President Ruben AROSEMENA Valdes (since 1 September 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Martin TORRIJOS Espino (since 1 September 2004); First Vice President Samuel LEWIS Navarro (since 1 September 2004); Second Vice President Ruben AROSEMENA Valdes (since 1 September 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 2 May 2004 (next to be held 3 May 2009); note - beginning in 2009, Panama will have only one vice president. election results: Martin TORRIJOS Espino elected president; percent of vote - Martin TORRIJOS Espino 47.5%, Guillermo ENDARA Galimany 30.6%, Jose Miguel ALEMAN 17%, Ricardo MARTINELLI 4.9% note: government coalition - PRD (Democratic Revolutionary Party), PP (Popular Party)
Legislative branch:	unicameral National Assembly (formerly called Legislative Assembly) or Asamblea Nacional (78 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - in 2009, the number of seats will change to 71) elections: last held 2 May 2004 (next to be held 3 May 2009) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 40, PA 17, PS 8, MOLIRENA 3, CD 2, PP 2, PLN 1, other 5 note: legislators from outlying rural districts are chosen on a plurality basis while districts located in more populous towns and cities elect multiple legislators by means of a proportion-based formula
Judicial branch:	Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine judges appointed for 10-year terms); five superior courts; three courts of appeal
Political parties and leaders:	Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party or PLN [Anibal GALINDO]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Jesus ROSAS]; Panamenista Party or PA (formerly the Arnulfista Party) [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez]; Popular Party or PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Ruben AROSEMENA]; Solidarity Party or PS [Jose Raul MULINO]
Political pressure groups and leaders:	Chamber of Commerce; National Civic Crusade; National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO; National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP; National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS); Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE; Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP; Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP
International organization participation:	FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Flag description:	divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center
Economy
Economy - overview:	Panama's dollarised economy rests primarily on a well-developed services sector that accounts for four-fifths of GDP. Services include operating the Panama Canal, banking, the Colon Free Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. A slump in Colon Free Zone and agricultural exports, the global slowdown, and the withdrawal of US military forces held back economic growth in 2000-03; growth picked up in 2004 led by export-oriented services and a construction boom stimulated by tax incentives. The government has been backing tax reforms, reform of the social security program, new regional trade agreements, and development of tourism. Unemployment remains high.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $20.57 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	6% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $6,900 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 7.2% industry: 13% services: 79.8% (2004 est.)
Labor force:	1.32 million note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 20.8%, industry 18%, services 61.2% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate:	12.6% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:	37% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 1.2% highest 10%: 35.7% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	48.5 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	2% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	25% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $3.095 billion expenditures: $3.737 billion, including capital expenditures of $471 million (2004 est.)
Public debt:	69.2% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:	bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables; livestock; shrimp
Industries:	construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling
Industrial production growth rate:	5.4% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production:	4.873 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source:	fossil fuel: 37% hydro: 61.3% nuclear: 0% other: 1.7% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	4.473 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:	120 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:	61 million kWh (2002)
Oil - production:	0 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:	40,520 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA
Oil - imports:	NA
Current account balance:	$-469.6 million (2004 est.)
Exports:	$5.699 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:	bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing (1999)
Exports - partners:	US 12.2%, Nigeria 9.4%, Germany 8.4%, South Korea 8.2%, El Salvador 5.7%, Peru 5.1%, Costa Rica 5.1%, Japan 4.1% (2004)
Imports:	$7.164 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:	capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals
Imports - partners:	Japan 32.9%, China 10.6%, US 9.8%, South Korea 7.2%, Singapore 7.1%, Italy 4.5% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:	$1.076 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:	$8.78 billion (2004 est.)
Currency (code):	balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Currency code:	PAB; USD
Exchange rates:	balboas per US dollar - 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1 (2000)
Fiscal year:	calendar year
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use:	386,900 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	834,000 (2003)
Telephone system:	general assessment: domestic and international facilities well developed domestic: NA international: country code - 507; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 101, FM 134, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios:	815,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations:	38 (including repeaters) (1998)
Televisions:	510,000 (1997)
Internet country code:	.pa
Internet hosts:	7,129 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):	6 (2000)
Internet users:	120,000 (2002)
Transportation
Railways:	total: 355 km standard gauge: 76 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 279 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)
Highways:	total: 11,643 km paved: 4,028 km (including 30 km of expressways) unpaved: 7,615 km (2000 est.)
Waterways:	800 km (includes 82 km Panama Canal) (2004)
Ports and harbors:	Balboa, Cristobal, Coco Solo, Manzanillo (part of Colon area), Vacamonte
Merchant marine:	total: 5,005 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 122,960,929 GRT/183,615,337 DWT by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 1,548, cargo 886, chemical tanker 465, combination ore/oil 13, container 605, liquefied gas 183, livestock carrier 8, passenger 42, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 521, refrigerated cargo 298, roll on/roll off 97, specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 256 foreign-owned: 4,388 (Andorra 1, Argentina 9, Australia 3, Bahamas 1, Belgium 14, Brazil 1, Canada 1, Chile 14, China 310, Colombia 5, Croatia 1, Cuba 9, Cyprus 7, Denmark 13, Egypt 15, France 7, Germany 23, Greece 546, Hong Kong 159, India 8, Indonesia 46, Ireland 1, Isle of Man 2, Israel 3, Italy 8, Japan 1814, Jordan 9, Latvia 2, Lithuania 5, Malaysia 11, Maldives 1, Malta 1, Mexico 4, Monaco 8, Netherlands 22, New Zealand 1, Nigeria 6, Norway 66, Pakistan 1, Peru 13, Philippines 15, Poland 19, Portugal 8, Romania 13, Russia 4, Saudi Arabia 4, Singapore 54, South Africa 3, South Korea 292, Spain 41, Sri Lanka 1, Sudan 1, Sweden 4, Switzerland 188, Syria 7, Taiwan 301, Thailand 10, Trinidad & Tobago 1, Tunisia 1, Turkey 18, Ukraine 9, UAE 83, United Kingdom 29, United States 88, Venezuela 20, Vietnam 2, Yemen 1) (2005)
Airports:	105 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 44 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 61 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 49 (2004 est.)
Military
Military branches:	an amendment to the Constitution abolished the armed forces, but there are security forces (Panamanian Public Forces or PPF includes the Panamanian National Police, National Maritime Service, and National Air Service)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 18-49: 733,031 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 18-49: 511,905 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$147 million (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	1.1% (2004)
Military note:	on 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force, but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of "external aggression"
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:	organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the border region with Panama
Illicit drugs:	major cocaine transshipment point and primary money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains a major problem

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