Old Glory

As our nation emerged so did the symbol of its unity. Before the Continental Congress adopted the thirteen-star-and-stripe banner many flags were flown over different parts of this country's soil, including the flags of Holland and Sweden, the Spanish flag, France's fleur-de-lis and the British Union Jack.

The first official flag of the new nation was created through a resolution of the Founding Fathers on June 14, 1777. The resolution specified that the flag have 13 stripes of alternating red and white and that the union comprise 13 white stars on a blue background to signify a "new constellation." However, because it was not specified how the stars were to be arranged flag makers of the time took it upon themselves to arrange the stars as they pleased: in rows, in a half circle and in a full circle. The one adopted was made by Betsy Ross and had the stars in a full circle.

As the number of states grew more stars and stripes were added. At one point a flag with 15 stars and 15 stripes waved over Fort McHenry. This was the Star Spangled Banner that inspired our national anthem in 1814. In 1818 Congress passed a law freezing the number of stripes at 13 for the original 13 colonies and allowing a new star to be added to the flag for each state admitted to the union of the United States.

The United States Flag Code adopted in 1942 by Congress provides the rules for honoring and displaying the flag. The code states, "The flag represents a living country and is itself considered a living thing." For this reason the code stipulates specifically how the flag should be respected, handled, displayed and used. For example, the flag should never be allowed to touch the ground or floor, and it must be properly illuminated in darkness.

The order of precedence for flags after the US Flag is as follows:

National flags (alphabetically)

State flags (in order as they entered the Union)

Service flags
1. US Army
2. US Coast Guard
Organizational flags (Army, Corps, Fleet, Group, Squadron) (alphabetically or numerically as applicable with host flag displayed at the center of the grouping).

Individual flags:
1. President of the United States
2. Chain of Command etc.

Flag Etiquette

In this time of patriotic pride, when we are displaying our love of country by flying Old Glory, many of us are particularly interested in the care of this proud symbol of our treasured freedoms.

The Flag Is Itself a Living Thing

Rules governing the care and honorable treatment of the flag derive from this statement in our flag code, and the sentiment it represents: "The flag represents a living country and is itself considered a living thing." The flag is the pre-eminent symbol of the United States, and in all respects its display is intended to reflect honor on the country that is, after-all, the focus of our patriotic sentiments.

That principal of respect and honor informs the specific rules that govern our display of the flag. For example, the flag should never be displayed in inclement weather. It should be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset, unless it can be properly illuminated at night. When displayed at half staff, as a gesture of mourning, it should first be raised to full height, then lowered. And when it is lowered from the half-staff position, it should first be raised to full height, then lowered to the ground. The flag should never touch the ground or be displayed in a horizontal position.

Displayed With Dignity and Pride

The general rule regarding display of the U.S. flag is that Old Glory always occupies a position of prominence. When hung over a street, the union faces to the North or East; when displayed with other banners, the U.S. flag occupies a forward, central position. The stars should always be to the left. If you keep the requirements of dignity and honor in mind, you cannot go far wrong.

Ruth Ann Grant is a freelance writer who lives in Green Oaks, IL. Manny Skolnick. Old Glory's History. Flag Etiquette. Collectiblestoday.com.

The Army flag was dedicated and unfurled to the general public on 14 June 1956 at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, on the 181st anniversary of the establishment of the U.S. Army by the Continental Congress in 1775. Measuring 4 feet 4 inches by 5 feet 6 inches, the flag is of white silk with a blue embroidered central design of the original War Office seal. "United States Army" is inscribed in white letters on a scarlet scroll, with the year "1775" in blue numerals below. The Secretary of the Army designates the Army headquarters and agencies authorized an Army Flag.

Very little information is available regarding the flags carried by early American Marines, although indications are that the Grand Union flag was carried ashore by the battalion led by Captain Samuel Nicholas on New Providence Island, 3 March 1776. It is quite possible that the Rattlesnake flag was also carried on this expedition. Beginning in 1876, Marines carried the national colors (the Stars and Stripes) with "U.S. Marine Corps" embroidered in yellow on the middle red stripe. In 1914, a more distinctive standard was carried by Marines. The design consisted of a blue field with a laurel wreath encircling the Marine Corps emblem in the center. A scarlet ribbon above the emblem carried the words "U.S. Marine Corps," while another scarlet ribbon below the emblem carried the motto "Semper Fidelis."

Orders were issued on 2 April 1921 which directed all national colors be manufactured without the yellow fringe and without the words "U.S. Marine Corps" embroidered on the red stripe. This was followed by an order dated 14 March 1922, retiring from use all national colors still in use with yellow fringe or wording on the flag. Following World War I, the Army practice of attaching silver bands carrying inscriptions enumerating specific decorations and battles was adopted. This practice was discontinued on 23 January 1961. Marine Corps Order No. 4 of 18 April 1925 designated gold and scarlet as the official colors of the U.S. Marine Corps. These colors, however, were not reflected in the official Marine Corps standard until 18 January 1939, when a new design incorporating the new colors was approved. The design was essentially that of today's Marine Corps standard.

The Department of the Navy Seal, created in 1957, was to serve as the main feature of the official United States Navy flag, adopted two years later. The flag did not pass through an evolutionary development as was the case with the Navy seal. Ships of the earliest period in the Nation's naval history wore a variety of flags, including the striped Grand Union, and those bearing a pine tree or rattlesnake. However, these various banners may be considered steps in the genesis of the national ensign, the "Stars and Stripes," rather than forebears of a specific flag for the Navy. Toward the end of the nineteenth century the Infantry Battalion flag was introduced for use by naval landing forces. This was a blue flag with a white diamond shaped device in the center and a blue foul anchor superimposed on the diamond. For more than sixty years, the Infantry Battalion flag served as the unofficial Navy flag in drill formations and parades and at other ceremonies. An official Navy flag, truly representative of the Navy's operating forces at sea, was authorized by Presidential order 24 April 1959.

The flag for the United States Navy is 4 feet 4 inches hoist by 5 feet 6 inches fly, of dark blue material, with yellow fringe, 2 1/2 inches wide. In the center of the flag is a device 3 feet 1 inch overall consisting of the inner pictorial position of the seal of the Department of the Navy (with the exception that a continuation of the sea has been substituted for the land area), in its proper colors within a circular yellow rope edging, all 2 feet 6 inches in diameter above a yellow scroll inscribed "United States Navy," in dark blue letters. Unlike the national ensign, commission pennant, union jack, and admiral's broad pennant which fly from gaff, mast, or staff on board naval vessels, the flag of the United States Navy is reserved for display purposes and is carried by an honor guard on ceremonial occasions.

The U.S. Air Force flag was approved on March 26, 1951. The flag included the coat of arms, 13 white stars and the Air Force seal on a blue background. The Air Force Seal was approved by Harry S. Truman, President of the United States, on 1 November 1947. The entire design used on the shield of the Air Force Seal is taken from an heraldic representation of the mythological thunderbolt, also termed Jupiter's thunderbolt,. Jupiter was the Roman mythological God of the Heavens. At the honor point of the shield is a lightning bolt or elongated projectile-like mass, conceived of as the missile cast to earth in the lightning flash. The word thunderbolt � a single discharge of lightning with the accompanying thunder � derived from the idea that lightning was a bolt thrown to earth by a god. The pair of wings and smaller lightning flashes surrounding the bolt complete the design. The eagle's head is turned to the right and symbolizes facing the enemy--looking toward the future and not dwelling on past deeds. The symbolism incorporated in the Great seal of the Department of the Air Force is as follows:

The predominant colors, ultramarine blue and gold, are the colors of the Air Force through transition from the Air Corps.
The 13 stars represent the Thirteen Original Colonies of the United States. The grouping of three stars at the top of the design portrays the three Departments of the National Defense Establishment, Army, Navy, and Air Force.
The crest includes the American Bald Eagle, which is the symbol of the United States and air striking power. The cloud formation depicts the creation of a new firmament, and the wreath, composed of six alternate folds of silver and blue, incorporate the colors of the basic shield design.
The shield, divided with the nebuly line formation, representing clouds, is charged with the heraldic thunderbolt. The thunderbolt portrays striking power through the medium of air.
The Roman numerals beneath the shield indicate the year 1947, in which the Department of the Air Force was established.
On a band encircling the whole is the inscription "Department of the Air Force" and "United States of America".

The origins of the Coast Guard standard are very obscure. It may have evolved from an early jack. At least one contemporary painting supports this theory. In an 1840 painting, the Revenue cutter Alexander Hamilton flies a flag very similar to today's Coast Guard standard as a jack. This flag, like the union jack, which is the upper corner of the United States flag, appears to be the canton or upper corner of the Revenue cutter ensign. An illustration in 1917 shows the Coast Guard standard as a white flag with a blue eagle and 13 stars in a semi-circle surrounding it. At a later date, the words, "United States Coast Guard-- Semper Paratus" were added. After 1950, the semi-circle of stars was changed to the circle containing 13 stars. The Coast Guard standard is used during parades and ceremonies and is adorned by our 34 battle streamers. We are unique to the other services for we have two official flags, the Coast Guard standard and the Coast Guard ensign.

In 1754, Benjamin Franklin sketched, carved, and published the first known political cartoon in an American newspaper. It was the image of a snake cut into eight sections. The sections represented the individual colonies and the curves of the snake suggested the coastline. New England was combined into one section as the head of the snake. South Carolina was at the tail. Beneath the snake were the ominous words "Join, or Die." By 1775, the snake symbol wasn't just being printed in newspapers. It was appearing all over the colonies ... on uniform buttons ... on paper money ... and of course, on banners and flags. The snake symbol morphed quite a bit during its rapid, widespread adoption. It wasn't cut up into pieces anymore. And it was usually shown as an American timber rattlesnake, not a generic serpent.

We don't know for certain where, when, or by whom the familiar coiled rattlesnake was first used with the warning "Don't Tread on Me." The Second Continental Congress authorized the creation of a Continental Navy in the fall of 1775. To accompany the Navy on their first mission, Congress also authorized the mustering of five companies of Marines. Some of the Marines that enlisted that fall in Philadelphia were carrying drums painted yellow, emblazoned with a fierce rattlesnake, coiled and ready to strike, with thirteen rattles, and sporting the motto "Don't Tread on Me."

Although Benjamin Franklin helped create the American rattlesnake symbol, his name isn't generally attached to the rattlesnake flag. The yellow "don't tread on me" standard is usually called a Gadsden flag, or less commonly, a Hopkins flag. In 1775 Christopher Gadsden was in Philadelphia representing his home state in the Continental Congress. He was also one of three members of the Marine Committee who decided to outfit and man the Alfred (The frigate, Black Prince, was purchased, converted to a man-of-war, and renamed the Alfred) and its sister ships. The flag that Esek Hopkins used as his personal standard on the Alfred is the one we would now recognize. It's likely that John Paul Jones, as the first lieutenant on the Alfred, ran it up the gaff.

It's generally accepted that Hopkins' flag was presented to him by Christopher Gadsden, who felt it was especially important for the commodore to have a distinctive personal standard. Gadsden also presented a copy of this flag to his state legislature in Charleston. This is recorded in the South Carolina congressional journals: "Col. Gadsden presented to the Congress an elegant standard, such as is to be used by the commander in chief of the American navy; being a yellow field, with a lively representation of a rattle-snake in the middle, in the attitude of going to strike, and these words underneath, "Don't Tread on Me!"